Python 程序库参考手册 Python Library Reference

Guido van Rossum

Python Software Foundation
Email: docs@python.org

Fred L. Drake, Jr., editor

第 2.4.1c 版 Release 2.4.1c2
March 19, 2005

前言 Front Matter
内容 Contents
1. 简介 Introduction
2. 内建对象 Built-In Objects
- 2.1 内建函数 Built-in Functions
- 2.2 次要内建函数 Non-essential Built-in Functions
- 2.3 内建类型 Built-in Types
- 2.4 内建异常 Built-in Exceptions
- 2.5 内建常数 Built-in Constants
3. Python 运行服务 Python Runtime Services
- 3.1 sys -- 系统特定参数和函数 System-specific parameters and functions
- 3.2 gc -- 垃圾收集器界面 Garbage Collector interface
- 3.3 weakref -- 弱引用 Weak references
  - 3.3.1 弱引用对象 Weak Reference Objects
  - 3.3.2 范例 Example
  - 3.3.3 括展类型中的弱引用 Weak References in Extension Types
- 3.4 fpectl -- 符点异常控制 Floating point exception control
  - 3.4.1 范例 Example
  - 3.4.2 局限性和其它考虑 Limitations and other considerations
- 3.5 atexit -- 退出句柄 Exit handlers
  - 3.5.1 atexit 范例 Example
- 3.6 types -- 内建类型名称 Names for built-in types
- 3.7 UserDict -- 字典对象的类包装 Class wrapper for dictionary objects
- 3.8 UserList -- 列表对象的类包装 Class wrapper for list objects
- 3.9 UserString -- 字串对象的类包装 Class wrapper for string objects
- 3.10 operator -- 标准操作符的函数形式 Standard operators as functions.
  - 3.10.1 操作符与函数的对应 Mapping Operators to Functions
- 3.11 inspect -- 检阅活对象 Inspect live objects
  - 3.11.1 类型和成员 Types and members
  - 3.11.2 提取源代码 Retrieving source code
  - 3.11.3 类和函数 Classes and functions
  - 3.11.4 编译器堆栈 The interpreter stack
- 3.12 traceback -- 列引或提取堆栈回溯 Print or retrieve a stack traceback
  - 3.12.1 回溯范例 Traceback Example
- 3.13 linecache -- 随机访问文本行 Random access to text lines
- 3.14 pickle -- Python 对象的串行化 Python object serialization
  - 3.14.1 和其它Python 模块的关系 Relationship to other Python modules
  - 3.14.2 数据流格式 Data stream format
  - 3.14.3 用法 Usage
  - 3.14.4 那些东西可以串化保存和还原 What can be pickled and unpickled?
  - 3.14.5 串化保存协议 The pickle protocol
  - 3.14.6 串化还原的类派生 Subclassing Unpicklers
  - 3.14.7 范例 Example
- 3.15 cPickle -- 一个快速的串行化模块 A faster pickle
- 3.16 copy_reg -- 注册串行化支援函数 Register pickle support functions
- 3.17 shelve -- Python 对象的持续保存 Python object persistence
  - 3.17.1 限制 Restrictions
  - 3.17.2 范例 Example
- 3.18 copy -- 浅层和深层复制操作 Shallow and deep copy operations
- 3.19 marshal -- Python 内部对象串行化 Internal Python object serialization
- 3.20 warnings -- 警告控制 Warning control
  - 3.20.1 警告分类 Warning Categories
  - 3.20.2 警告过虑器 The Warnings Filter
  - 3.20.3 可用函数 Available Functions
- 3.21 imp -- 使用 import 底层功能 Access the import internals
  - 3.21.1 范例 Examples
- 3.22 zipimport -- 从压缩档案里输入模块 Import modules from Zip archives
  - 3.22.1 zipimporter 的对象 zipimporter Objects
  - 3.22.2 范例 Examples
- 3.23 pkgutil -- 包装延伸套件工具 Package extension utility
- 3.24 code -- 解释器基本类 Interpreter base classes
  - 3.24.1 互动解释器对象 Interactive Interpreter Objects
  - 3.24.2 互动控制台对象 Interactive Console Objects
- 3.25 codeop -- 编译 Python 代码 Compile Python code
- 3.26 pprint -- 数据美化列印 Data pretty printer
  - 3.26.1 美化列印对象 PrettyPrinter Objects
- 3.27 repr -- repr 函数的另一种实现 Alternate repr() implementation
  - 3.27.1 Repr 对象 Repr Objects
  - 3.27.2 Repr 对象的派生 Subclassing Repr Objects
- 3.28 new -- 生成执行时内部对象 Creation of runtime internal objects
- 3.29 site -- 本机配置挂钩 Site-specific configuration hook
- 3.30 user -- 用户配置挂钩 User-specific configuration hook
- 3.31 __builtin__ -- 内建对象 Built-in objects
- 3.32 __main__ -- 顶级脚本环境 Top-level script environment
- 3.33 __future__ -- Future(未来) 语句的定义 Future statement definitions
4. 字串服务 String Services
- 4.1 string -- 字串的公用操作 Common string operations
- 4.2 re -- 正规表达式操作 Regular expression operations
- 4.3 struct -- 把字串当做二进制码数据解释 Interpret strings as packed binary data
- 4.4 difflib -- 计算差异的帮手 Helpers for computing deltas
- 4.5 fpformat -- 符点转换 Floating point conversions
- 4.6 StringIO -- 把字串当做文件进行读写 Read and write strings as files
- 4.7 cStringIO -- 高速版本的 StringIO Faster version of StringIO
- 4.8 textwrap -- 文本换行和填充 Text wrapping and filling
- 4.9 codecs -- 编码注册和基本类 Codec registry and base classes
- 4.10 unicodedata -- 统一码数据库 Unicode Database
- 4.11 stringprep -- 互联网字串的准备 Internet String Preparation
5. 其它服务 Miscellaneous Services
- 5.1 pydoc -- 文献生成器和线上帮助系统 Documentation generator and online help system
- 5.2 doctest -- 测试互动 Python 例子 Test interactive Python examples
  - 5.2.1 简单范例：测试文件字串里的例子 Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings
  - 5.2.2 简单范例：测试文本文件里的例子 Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File
  - 5.2.3 工作原理 How It Works
  - 5.2.4 基本应用接口 Basic API
  - 5.2.5 单位测试应用接口 Unittest API
  - 5.2.6 高级应用接口 Advanced API
  - 5.2.7 除错 Debugging
  - 5.2.8 肥皂盒(废话，随想，暇想，妄想) Soapbox
- 5.3 unittest -- 单位测试架构 Unit testing framework
  - 5.3.1 基础范例 Basic example
  - 5.3.2 组织测试码 Organizing test code
  - 5.3.3 利用旧有测试码 Re-using old test code
  - 5.3.4 类和函数 Classes and functions
  - 5.3.5 测试案例对象 TestCase Objects
  - 5.3.6 测试套装对象 TestSuite Objects
  - 5.3.7 测试结果对象 TestResult Objects
  - 5.3.8 测试载入对象 TestLoader Objects
- 5.4 test -- Python 的退步测试包 Regression tests package for Python
  - 5.4.1 为这个测试包写测试 Writing Unit Tests for the test package
  - 5.4.2 使用test.regrtest 进行测试 Running tests using test.regrtest
- 5.5 test.test_support -- 用于测试的工具函数 Utility functions for tests
- 5.6 decimal -- 十进制符点运算 Decimal floating point arithmetic
  - 5.6.1 快速上手教学 Quick-start Tutorial
  - 5.6.2 十进制对象 Decimal objects
  - 5.6.3 背景对象 Context objects
  - 5.6.4 信号 Signals
  - 5.6.5 符点数字注解 Floating Point Notes
  - 5.6.6 与线程配合 Working with threads
  - 5.6.7 秘方 Recipes
- 5.7 math -- 数学函数 Mathematical functions
- 5.8 cmath -- 复数数学函数 Mathematical functions for complex numbers
- 5.9 random -- 生成伪随机数 Generate pseudo-random numbers
- 5.10 whrandom -- 伪随机数生成器 Pseudo-random number generator
- 5.11 bisect -- 数组两分算法 Array bisection algorithm
  - 5.11.1 范例 Examples
- 5.12 collections -- 高效容器数据结构 High-performance container datatypes
  - 5.12.1 秘方 Recipes
- 5.13 heapq -- 堆叠排队算法 Heap queue algorithm
  - 5.13.1 理论 Theory
- 5.14 array -- 高效数字数组 Efficient arrays of numeric values
- 5.15 sets -- 组合无序的单一元素收集 Unordered collections of unique elements
  - 5.15.1 组合对象 Set Objects
  - 5.15.2 范例 Example
  - 5.15.3 不可变值的自动转换协议 Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable
- 5.16 itertools -- 生成用于高效循环的迭代器的函数 Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
  - 5.16.1 迭代工具函数 Itertool functions
  - 5.16.2 范例 Examples
  - 5.16.3 秘方 Recipes
- 5.17 ConfigParser -- 配置文件分析器 Configuration file parser
  - 5.17.1 原始配置分析器对象 RawConfigParser Objects
  - 5.17.2 配置分析器对象 ConfigParser Objects
  - 5.17.3 安全配置分析器对象 SafeConfigParser Objects
- 5.18 fileinput -- 对多个输入流逐行迭代 Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
- 5.19 calendar -- 通用日历相关的函数 General calendar-related functions
- 5.20 cmd -- 行导向的命令解释器的协助工具 Support for line-oriented command interpreters
  - 5.20.1 命令对象 Cmd Objects
- 5.21 shlex -- 简单语句分析 Simple lexical analysis
  - 5.21.1 简单语句分析对象 shlex Objects
  - 5.21.2 语法分析规则 Parsing Rules
6. 通用操作系统服务 Generic Operating System Services
- 6.1 os -- 操作系统杂项界面 Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
  - 6.1.1 进程参数 Process Parameters
  - 6.1.2 建立文件对象 File Object Creation
  - 6.1.3 文件描述操作 File Descriptor Operations
  - 6.1.4 文件和目录 Files and Directories
  - 6.1.5 进程管理 Process Management
  - 6.1.6 系统杂项信息 Miscellaneous System Information
  - 6.1.7 其它函数 Miscellaneous Functions
- 6.2 os.path -- 公用路径处理 Common pathname manipulations
- 6.3 dircache -- 高速缓冲的目录列表 Cached directory listings
- 6.4 stat -- 解释 stat() 函数的结果 Interpreting stat() results
- 6.5 statcache -- 一个优化了的 os.stat() 版本 An optimization of os.stat()
- 6.6 statvfs -- os.statvfs() 使用的常数 Constants used with os.statvfs()
- 6.7 filecmp -- 文件和目录的对比 File and Directory Comparisons
  - 6.7.1 目录对比类 The dircmp class
- 6.8 subprocess -- 子进程管理 Subprocess management
  - 6.8.1 子进程管理用法 Using the subprocess Module
  - 6.8.2 Popen 对象 Popen Objects
  - 6.8.3 使用子进程模块取代旧有的函数 Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module
- 6.9 popen2 -- 具有输入输出流的子进程 Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
  - 6.9.1 Popen3 和 Popen4 对象 Popen3 and Popen4 Objects
  - 6.9.2 流量控制问题 Flow Control Issues
- 6.10 datetime -- 基本日期和时间类型 Basic date and time types
  - 6.10.1 可用类型 Available Types
  - 6.10.2 时间差对象 timedelta Objects
  - 6.10.3 日期对象 date Objects
  - 6.10.4 日期时间对象 datetime Objects
  - 6.10.5 时间对象 time Objects
  - 6.10.6 时区信息对象 tzinfo Objects
  - 6.10.7 时间字串格式函数性能 strftime() Behavior
- 6.11 time -- 时间的访问和转换 Time access and conversions
- 6.12 sched -- 事件安排表 Event scheduler
  - 6.12.1 时间表对象 Scheduler Objects
- 6.13 mutex -- 相互排斥对象的支持 Mutual exclusion support
  - 6.13.1 互斥对象 Mutex Objects
- 6.14 getpass 兼容密码输入 -- Portable password input
- 6.15 curses -- 终端处理字符显示 Terminal handling for character-cell displays
  - 6.15.1 函数 Functions
  - 6.15.2 窗口对象 Window Objects
  - 6.15.3 常数 Constants
- 6.16 curses.textpad -- 文本输入器件 Text input widget for curses programs
  - 6.16.1 文本盒对象 Textbox objects
- 6.17 curses.wrapper -- curses 程序的终端控制 Terminal handler for curses programs
- 6.18 curses.ascii -- ASCII 字符工具 Utilities for ASCII characters
- 6.19 curses.panel -- curses 的面板扩展 A panel stack extension for curses.
  - 6.19.1 函数 Functions
  - 6.19.2 面板对象 Panel Objects
- 6.20 getopt -- 命令行参数语法分析器 Parser for command line options
- 6.21 optparse -- 更强大的命令行参数分析器 More powerful command line option parser
  - 6.21.1 背景资料 Background
  - 6.21.2 教程 Tutorial
  - 6.21.3 参考手册 Reference Guide
  - 6.21.4 Option Callbacks
- 6.22 tempfile -- 生成临时文件和目录 Generate temporary files and directories
- 6.23 errno -- 标准错误编码系统符号 Standard errno system symbols
- 6.24 glob -- Unix 风格路径模式扩展 Unix style pathname pattern expansion
- 6.25 fnmatch -- 文件名模式匹配 Unix filename pattern matching
- 6.26 shutil -- 高层文件操作 High-level file operations
  - 6.26.1 范例 Example
- 6.27 locale -- 国际化服务 Internationalization services
  - 6.27.1 背景，细节，提示，秘诀和陷阱 Background, details, hints, tips and caveats
  - 6.27.2 扩展作者和内嵌 Python 的程序的注意事项 For extension writers and programs that embed Python
  - 6.27.3 访问信息分类 Access to message catalogs
- 6.28 gettext -- 多语言国际化服务 Multilingual internationalization services
  - 6.28.1 GNU 的多语言国际化应用接口 GNU gettext API
  - 6.28.2 基于类的应用接口 Class-based API
  - 6.28.3 国际化你的程序和模块 Internationalizing your programs and modules
  - 6.28.4 致谢 Acknowledgements
- 6.29 logging -- Python 的日志工具 Logging facility for Python
  - 6.29.1 日志对象 Logger Objects
  - 6.29.2 基本范例 Basic example
  - 6.29.3 多目的地日志 Logging to multiple destinations
  - 6.29.4 跨网络接受和发放日志事件 Sending and receiving logging events across a network
  - 6.29.5 句柄对象 Handler Objects
  - 6.29.6 格式器对象 Formatter Objects
  - 6.29.7 过虑器对象 Filter Objects
  - 6.29.8 日志记录对象 LogRecord Objects
  - 6.29.9 线程安全性 Thread Safety
  - 6.29.10 配置 Configuration
- 6.30 platform -- 访问底端平台的识别数据 Access to underlying platform's identifying data.
  - 6.30.1 跨平台 Cross Platform
  - 6.30.2 Java 平台 Java Platform
  - 6.30.3 试窗平台 Windows Platform
  - 6.30.4 Mac OS Platform
  - 6.30.5 Unix 平台 Unix Platforms
7. 可选操作系统服务 Optional Operating System Services
- 7.1 signal 信号 -- 一组异步事件处理器 Set handlers for asynchronous events
  - 7.1.1 范例 Example
- 7.2 socket 套口 -- 低层网络界面 Low-level networking interface
  - 7.2.1 套口对象 Socket Objects
  - 7.2.2 安全套口层对象 SSL Objects
  - 7.2.3 范例 Example
- 7.3 select 选择 -- 等待输入输出的完成 Waiting for I/O completion
  - 7.3.1 探询对象 Polling Objects
- 7.4 thread 线程 -- 多线程控制 Multiple threads of control
- 7.5 threading -- 高层线程接口 Higher-level threading interface
  - 7.5.1 锁对象 Lock Objects
  - 7.5.2 再进入锁对象 RLock Objects
  - 7.5.3 条件对象 Condition Objects
  - 7.5.4 信号对象 Semaphore Objects
  - 7.5.5 时间对象 Event Objects
  - 7.5.6 线程对象 Thread Objects
  - 7.5.7 时计对象 Timer Objects
- 7.6 dummy_thread 假线程 -- 直接取代 thread 模块 Drop-in replacement for the thread module
- 7.7 dummy_threading 假线程 -- 直接取代 threading 模块 Drop-in replacement for the threading module
- 7.8 Queue -- 同步列队类 A synchronized queue class
  - 7.8.1 列队对象 Queue Objects
- 7.9 mmap -- 内存映射文件支持 Memory-mapped file support
- 7.10 anydbm -- 通用访问 DBM 风格的数据库 Generic access to DBM-style databases
- 7.11 dbhash -- BSD 数据库的 DBM 风格接口 DBM-style interface to the BSD database library
  - 7.11.1 数据库对象 Database Objects
- 7.12 whichdb -- 猜测数据库是哪一个 DBM 模块建立的 Guess which DBM module created a database
- 7.13 bsddb -- 伯克利数据库库接口 Interface to Berkeley DB library
  - 7.13.1 散列，B树和记录对象 Hash, BTree and Record Objects
- 7.14 dumbdbm -- 兼容 DBM 实现 Portable DBM implementation
  - 7.14.1 傻X DBM 对象 Dumbdbm Objects
- 7.15 zlib -- 兼容 gzip 的压缩模块 Compression compatible with gzip
- 7.16 gzip -- 对 gzip 文件的支持 Support for gzip files
- 7.17 bz2 -- 兼容 bzip2 的压缩支持 Compression compatible with bzip2
  - 7.17.1 压缩、解压文件 (De)compression of files
  - 7.17.2 顺序压缩、解压 Sequential (de)compression
  - 7.17.3 一次过压缩、解压 One-shot (de)compression
- 7.18 zipfile -- 处理 zip 档案 Work with ZIP archives
  - 7.18.1 ZipFile 对象 ZipFile Objects
  - 7.18.2 PyZipFile 对象 PyZipFile Objects
  - 7.18.3 Zip 信息对象 ZipInfo Objects
- 7.19 tarfile -- 读写 tar 档安文件 Read and write tar archive files
  - 7.19.1 TarFile 对象 TarFile Objects
  - 7.19.2 Tar 信息对象 TarInfo Objects
  - 7.19.3 范例 Examples
- 7.20 readline -- GNU 读行界面 GNU readline interface
  - 7.20.1 范例 Example
- 7.21 rlcompleter -- GNU 读行的自动完成函数 Completion function for GNU readline
  - 7.21.1 自动完成器对象 Completer Objects
8. Unix 专用服务 Unix Specific Services
- 8.1 posix -- 最常用 POSIX 系统呼叫 The most common POSIX system calls
  - 8.1.1 大文件支持 Large File Support
  - 8.1.2 模块内容 Module Contents
- 8.2 pwd -- 密码数据库 The password database
- 8.3 grp -- 用户群数据库 The group database
- 8.4 crypt -- 检查 Unix 密码的函数 Function to check Unix passwords
- 8.5 dl -- 呼叫共享库里的 C 函数 Call C functions in shared objects
  - 8.5.1 动态加载对象 Dl Objects
- 8.6 dbm -- 简单“数据库”界面 Simple ``database'' interface
- 8.7 gdbm -- GNU 版 dbm GNU's reinterpretation of dbm
- 8.8 termios -- POSIX 风格的终端机控制 POSIX style tty control
  - 8.8.1 范例 Example
- 8.9 tty -- 终端控制函数 Terminal control functions
- 8.10 pty -- 伪终端工具 Pseudo-terminal utilities
- 8.11 fcntl -- fcntl() 和 ioctl() 系统呼叫 The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls
- 8.12 pipes -- Shell 管线接口 Interface to shell pipelines
  - 8.12.1 模板对象 Template Objects
- 8.13 posixfile -- 有上锁功能的类文件对象 File-like objects with locking support
- 8.14 resource -- 资源消耗信息 Resource usage information
  - 8.14.1 资源限制 Resource Limits
  - 8.14.2 资源消耗 Resource Usage
- 8.15 nis -- 升阳的 NIS (黄页) 接口 Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)
- 8.16 syslog -- Unix 系统日志库函数 Unix syslog library routines
- 8.17 commands -- 运行命令的工具 Utilities for running commands
9. Python 除错器 The Python Debugger
- 9.1 除错器命令 Debugger Commands
- 9.2 工作方式 How It Works
10. Python 剖析器 The Python Profiler
- 10.1 剖析器介绍 Introduction to the profiler
- 10.2 How Is This Profiler Different From The Old Profiler?
- 10.3 简捷用户指南 Instant Users Manual
- 10.4 什么是确定剖析？ What Is Deterministic Profiling?
- 10.5 参考手册 Reference Manual
  - 10.5.1 统计类 The Stats Class
- 10.6 局限 Limitations
- 10.7 校准 Calibration
- 10.8 扩展，设计更好的剖析器 Extensions -- Deriving Better Profilers
- 10.9 hotshot -- 高效日志剖析器 High performance logging profiler
- 10.10 timeit -- 测量一小段代码的执行时间 Measure execution time of small code snippets
  - 10.10.1 命令行界面 Command Line Interface
  - 10.10.2 范例 Examples
11. 互联网协议和支持 Internet Protocols and Support
- 11.1 webbrowser -- 浏览器控制器 Convenient Web-browser controller
  - 11.1.1 浏览器控制器对象 Browser Controller Objects
- 11.2 cgi -- 通用网关界面支持 Common Gateway Interface support.
  - 11.2.1 简介 Introduction
  - 11.2.2 使用 cgi 模块 Using the cgi module
  - 11.2.3 高层界面 Higher Level Interface
  - 11.2.4 Old classes
  - 11.2.5 函数 Functions
  - 11.2.6 注意安全问题 Caring about security
  - 11.2.7 在 Unix 系统上安装 cgi 脚本 Installing your CGI script on a Unix system
  - 11.2.8 测试你的CGI脚本 Testing your CGI script
  - 11.2.9 CGI 脚本除错 Debugging CGI scripts
  - 11.2.10 常见问题解答 Common problems and solutions
- 11.3 cgitb -- CGI 脚本回溯管理 Traceback manager for CGI scripts
- 11.4 urllib -- 打开任意 URL 资源 Open arbitrary resources by URL
  - 11.4.1 URLopener 对象 URLopener Objects
  - 11.4.2 范例 Examples
- 11.5 urllib2 -- 可扩展打开 URL 资源程序库 extensible library for opening URLs
  - 11.5.1 要求对象 Request Objects
  - 11.5.2 OpenerDirector Objects
  - 11.5.3 BaseHandler Objects
  - 11.5.4 HTTP 重定象对象 HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
  - 11.5.5 HTTP Cookie 对象HTTPCookieProcessor Objects
  - 11.5.6 代理对象 ProxyHandler Objects
  - 11.5.7 HTTP 密码管理对象 HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
  - 11.5.8 AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
  - 11.5.9 HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
  - 11.5.10 ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
  - 11.5.11 AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
  - 11.5.12 HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
  - 11.5.13 ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
  - 11.5.14 HTTPHandler Objects
  - 11.5.15 HTTPSHandler Objects
  - 11.5.16 FileHandler Objects
  - 11.5.17 FTPHandler Objects
  - 11.5.18 CacheFTPHandler Objects
  - 11.5.19 GopherHandler Objects
  - 11.5.20 UnknownHandler Objects
  - 11.5.21 HTTP 错误处理对象 HTTPErrorProcessor Objects
  - 11.5.22 范例 Examples
- 11.6 httplib -- HTTP 协议客户端 HTTP protocol client
  - 11.6.1 HTTP 连接对象 HTTPConnection Objects
  - 11.6.2 HTTP 回应对象 HTTPResponse Objects
  - 11.6.3 范例 Examples
- 11.7 ftplib -- FTP 协议客户端 FTP protocol client
  - 11.7.1 FTP Objects
- 11.8 gopherlib -- Gopher protocol client
- 11.9 poplib -- POP3 协议客户端 POP3 protocol client
  - 11.9.1 POP3 Objects
  - 11.9.2 POP3 Example
- 11.10 imaplib -- IMAP4 协议客户端 IMAP4 protocol client
  - 11.10.1 IMAP4 Objects
  - 11.10.2 IMAP4 Example
- 11.11 nntplib -- NNTP protocol client
  - 11.11.1 NNTP Objects
- 11.12 smtplib -- SMTP protocol client
  - 11.12.1 SMTP Objects
  - 11.12.2 SMTP Example
- 11.13 smtpd -- SMTP 服务器端 SMTP Server
  - 11.13.1 SMTPServer Objects
  - 11.13.2 DebuggingServer Objects
  - 11.13.3 PureProxy Objects
  - 11.13.4 MailmanProxy Objects
- 11.14 telnetlib -- Telnet client
  - 11.14.1 Telnet Objects
  - 11.14.2 Telnet Example
- 11.15 urlparse -- 把 URL 解析成零件 Parse URLs into components
- 11.16 SocketServer -- 一个网络服务器架构 A framework for network servers
- 11.17 BaseHTTPServer -- Basic HTTP server
- 11.18 SimpleHTTPServer -- Simple HTTP request handler
- 11.19 CGIHTTPServer -- CGI-capable HTTP request handler
- 11.20 cookielib -- Cookie handling for HTTP clients
  - 11.20.1 CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects
  - 11.20.2 FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers
  - 11.20.3 CookiePolicy Objects
  - 11.20.4 DefaultCookiePolicy Objects
  - 11.20.5 Cookie Objects
  - 11.20.6 Examples
- 11.21 Cookie -- HTTP state management
  - 11.21.1 Cookie Objects
  - 11.21.2 Morsel Objects
  - 11.21.3 Example
- 11.22 xmlrpclib -- XML-RPC client access
  - 11.22.1 ServerProxy Objects
  - 11.22.2 Boolean Objects
  - 11.22.3 DateTime Objects
  - 11.22.4 Binary Objects
  - 11.22.5 Fault Objects
  - 11.22.6 ProtocolError Objects
  - 11.22.7 MultiCall Objects
  - 11.22.8 Convenience Functions
  - 11.22.9 Example of Client Usage
- 11.23 SimpleXMLRPCServer -- Basic XML-RPC server
  - 11.23.1 SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects
  - 11.23.2 CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
- 11.24 DocXMLRPCServer -- Self-documenting XML-RPC server
  - 11.24.1 DocXMLRPCServer Objects
  - 11.24.2 DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
- 11.25 asyncore -- Asynchronous socket handler
  - 11.25.1 asyncore Example basic HTTP client
- 11.26 asynchat -- Asynchronous socket command/response handler
  - 11.26.1 asynchat - Auxiliary Classes and Functions
  - 11.26.2 asynchat Example
12. Internet Data Handling
- 12.1 formatter -- Generic output formatting
  - 12.1.1 The Formatter Interface
  - 12.1.2 Formatter Implementations
  - 12.1.3 The Writer Interface
  - 12.1.4 Writer Implementations
- 12.2 email -- An email and MIME handling package
  - 12.2.1 Representing an email message
  - 12.2.2 Parsing email messages
  - 12.2.3 Generating MIME documents
  - 12.2.4 Creating email and MIME objects from scratch
  - 12.2.5 Internationalized headers
  - 12.2.6 Representing character sets
  - 12.2.7 Encoders
  - 12.2.8 Exception and Defect classes
  - 12.2.9 Miscellaneous utilities
  - 12.2.10 Iterators
  - 12.2.11 Package History
  - 12.2.12 Differences from mimelib
  - 12.2.13 Examples
- 12.3 mailcap -- Mailcap file handling.
- 12.4 mailbox -- Read various mailbox formats
  - 12.4.1 Mailbox Objects
- 12.5 mhlib -- Access to MH mailboxes
  - 12.5.1 MH Objects
  - 12.5.2 Folder Objects
  - 12.5.3 Message Objects
- 12.6 mimetools -- Tools for parsing MIME messages
  - 12.6.1 Additional Methods of Message Objects
- 12.7 mimetypes -- Map filenames to MIME types
  - 12.7.1 MimeTypes Objects
- 12.8 MimeWriter -- Generic MIME file writer
  - 12.8.1 MimeWriter Objects
- 12.9 mimify -- MIME processing of mail messages
- 12.10 multifile -- Support for files containing distinct parts
  - 12.10.1 MultiFile Objects
  - 12.10.2 MultiFile Example
- 12.11 rfc822 -- Parse RFC 2822 mail headers
  - 12.11.1 Message Objects
  - 12.11.2 AddressList Objects
- 12.12 base64 -- RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings
- 12.13 binascii -- Convert between binary and ASCII
- 12.14 binhex -- Encode and decode binhex4 files
  - 12.14.1 Notes
- 12.15 quopri -- Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
- 12.16 uu -- Encode and decode uuencode files
- 12.17 xdrlib -- Encode and decode XDR data
  - 12.17.1 Packer Objects
  - 12.17.2 Unpacker Objects
  - 12.17.3 Exceptions
- 12.18 netrc -- netrc file processing
  - 12.18.1 netrc Objects
- 12.19 robotparser -- Parser for robots.txt
- 12.20 csv -- CSV File Reading and Writing
  - 12.20.1 Module Contents
  - 12.20.2 Dialects and Formatting Parameters
  - 12.20.3 Reader Objects
  - 12.20.4 Writer Objects
  - 12.20.5 Examples
13. Structured Markup Processing Tools
- 13.1 HTMLParser -- Simple HTML and XHTML parser
  - 13.1.1 Example HTML Parser Application
- 13.2 sgmllib -- Simple SGML parser
- 13.3 htmllib -- A parser for HTML documents
  - 13.3.1 HTMLParser Objects
- 13.4 htmlentitydefs -- Definitions of HTML general entities
- 13.5 xml.parsers.expat -- Fast XML parsing using Expat
- 13.6 xml.dom -- The Document Object Model API
- 13.7 xml.dom.minidom -- Lightweight DOM implementation
- 13.8 xml.dom.pulldom -- Support for building partial DOM trees
  - 13.8.1 DOMEventStream Objects
- 13.9 xml.sax -- Support for SAX2 parsers
  - 13.9.1 SAXException Objects
- 13.10 xml.sax.handler -- Base classes for SAX handlers
- 13.11 xml.sax.saxutils -- SAX Utilities
- 13.12 xml.sax.xmlreader -- Interface for XML parsers
- 13.13 xmllib -- A parser for XML documents
  - 13.13.1 XML Namespaces
14. Multimedia Services
- 14.1 audioop -- Manipulate raw audio data
- 14.2 imageop -- Manipulate raw image data
- 14.3 aifc -- Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
- 14.4 sunau -- Read and write Sun AU files
  - 14.4.1 AU_read Objects
  - 14.4.2 AU_write Objects
- 14.5 wave -- Read and write WAV files
  - 14.5.1 Wave_read Objects
  - 14.5.2 Wave_write Objects
- 14.6 chunk -- Read IFF chunked data
- 14.7 colorsys -- Conversions between color systems
- 14.8 rgbimg -- Read and write ``SGI RGB'' files
- 14.9 imghdr -- Determine the type of an image
- 14.10 sndhdr -- Determine type of sound file
- 14.11 ossaudiodev -- Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
  - 14.11.1 Audio Device Objects
  - 14.11.2 Mixer Device Objects
15. Cryptographic Services
- 15.1 hmac -- Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
- 15.2 md5 -- MD5 message digest algorithm
- 15.3 sha -- SHA-1 message digest algorithm
16. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
- 16.1 Tkinter -- Python interface to Tcl/Tk
- 16.2 Tix -- Extension widgets for Tk
- 16.3 ScrolledText -- Scrolled Text Widget
- 16.4 turtle -- Turtle graphics for Tk
  - 16.4.1 Pen and RawPen Objects
- 16.5 Idle
- 16.6 Other Graphical User Interface Packages
17. Restricted Execution
- 17.1 rexec -- Restricted execution framework
- 17.2 Bastion -- Restricting access to objects
18. Python Language Services
- 18.1 parser -- Access Python parse trees
- 18.2 symbol -- Constants used with Python parse trees
- 18.3 token -- Constants used with Python parse trees
- 18.4 keyword -- Testing for Python keywords
- 18.5 tokenize -- Tokenizer for Python source
- 18.6 tabnanny -- Detection of ambiguous indentation
- 18.7 pyclbr -- Python class browser support
  - 18.7.1 Class Descriptor Objects
  - 18.7.2 Function Descriptor Objects
- 18.8 py_compile -- Compile Python source files
- 18.9 compileall -- Byte-compile Python libraries
- 18.10 dis -- Disassembler for Python byte code
  - 18.10.1 Python Byte Code Instructions
- 18.11 pickletools -- Tools for pickle developers.
- 18.12 distutils -- Building and installing Python modules
19. Python compiler package
- 19.1 The basic interface
- 19.2 Limitations
- 19.3 Python Abstract Syntax
- 19.4 Using Visitors to Walk ASTs
- 19.5 Bytecode Generation
20. SGI IRIX Specific Services
- 20.1 al -- Audio functions on the SGI
  - 20.1.1 Configuration Objects
  - 20.1.2 Port Objects
- 20.2 AL -- Constants used with the al module
- 20.3 cd -- CD-ROM access on SGI systems
  - 20.3.1 Player Objects
  - 20.3.2 Parser Objects
- 20.4 fl -- FORMS library for graphical user interfaces
- 20.5 FL -- Constants used with the fl module
- 20.6 flp -- Functions for loading stored FORMS designs
- 20.7 fm -- Font Manager interface
- 20.8 gl -- Graphics Library interface
- 20.9 DEVICE -- Constants used with the gl module
- 20.10 GL -- Constants used with the gl module
- 20.11 imgfile -- Support for SGI imglib files
- 20.12 jpeg -- Read and write JPEG files
21. SunOS Specific Services
- 21.1 sunaudiodev -- Access to Sun audio hardware
  - 21.1.1 Audio Device Objects
- 21.2 SUNAUDIODEV -- Constants used with sunaudiodev
22. MS Windows Specific Services
- 22.1 msvcrt - Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
- 22.2 _winreg - Windows registry access
  - 22.2.1 Registry Handle Objects
- 22.3 winsound -- Sound-playing interface for Windows
A. Undocumented Modules
- A.1 Frameworks
- A.2 Miscellaneous useful utilities
- A.3 Platform specific modules
- A.4 Multimedia
- A.5 Obsolete
- A.6 SGI-specific Extension modules
B. Reporting Bugs
C. History and License
- C.1 History of the software
- C.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
- C.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
Module Index
Index
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